A paper on To Forgive Design by Petroski Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A paper on To Forgive Design by Petroski - Essay Example The faults of these events are coordinated to poor structure. Notwithstanding, Henry Petroski in his composition, â€Å"To Forgive Design,† says for deciding causes and amendment of building disappointment, we should look past structure. Petroski in his composing inspects a considerable lot of well known disappointments within recent memory from Minneapolis connect breakdown in 2007 to Gulf oil slick in 2010 (Petroski, pg. 5). These inescapable calamities show the interdependency of machines and individuals whose intricate conduct the planners didn't predict. Petroski says even straightforward innovation is inserted in financial and social imperative limitations, logical inconsistencies and inconveniences. This work will investigate the need to envision disappointment, the reasons for blunder in designing and at last investigate how disappointment is the best educator. The most significant error specialists and fashioners can submit neglecting to envision the chance of disappointment. Having as a primary concern that a few people have flopped previously and as an individual disappointment is a main problem, causes specialists to grow better plans. For examples, Petroski refers to programming engineers who broke down their verifiable formative disappointments and helped them come out with better structures of their items. Petroski shows that by clarifying the interconnectedness culture, innovation and perils seen to rise up out of the mind boggling then it prompts a fruitful way (Petroski, pg. 23). This structures a stage to energize the architects and creators before taking any of the development; they have to envision of the potential disappointments. This will go about as an examination open door for them as they figure out what can be the reason for those disappointments. At times individuals neglect to regard to the alerts and this winds up bei ng cataclysmic. Indeed, even the most grounded structure of the world with as well as can be expected breakdown. In this manner, when one envisions that way he investigates on the potential structures that are superior to the one set up. This opens up the brain of the architects as they create towards

The Constitutions of The World Free Essays

In Constitutional Identity, G. J. Jacobsohn characterizes the constitutions of the world into two classes. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Constitutions of The World or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now The primary class is of transformative constitutions and the subsequent classification is of additive constitutions. While a transformative or ‘militant’ constitution looks to change the predominant social structure, an additive or ‘acquiescent’ constitution tries to keep up the norm. Utilizing Jacobsohn’s characterization, the Constitution of India would unmistakably be put under the transformative classification. This is because of the way that the goal of the Parliament while drafting the Constitution was to realize ‘social revolution’ in the nation. This case is additionally validated by the conscious exclusion of any inference to the law on family. It was proposed that issues identified with family would be the area of state to encourage change in the law. Along these lines, most changes parents in law administering family, stream from the state as corrections and resolutions, which are authorized to change the general public into one with increasingly dynamic qualities. A prominent model is the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, which changed over Hindu Marriage from ‘sacrament’ to a ‘contract’. In any case, change needs to occur with respect to the common qualities in the public arena and offer leniency for the requests of a few societies in an assorted nation like India. In compatibility of the equivalent, Article 44 which was the interest to advance a Uniform Civil Code, to oversee the individual laws of each religion, was set in the Constitution as a Directive Principle of State Policy. These Directive Principles are objectives that the administration should remember while it defines arrangement. Article 44 peruses: â€Å"The state will attempt to make sure about for the residents a uniform common code all through the domain of India†However, courts also have assumed a significant job in overseeing society through family. Aside from maintaining the law, they have additionally handled hazy areas, settled clashing circumstances through compromise of various sculptures on a similar subject and filled the lacunae. Illegalization of boundless polygamy for Hindus, in this manner was, a significant case of the positive impact of courts. This was taken further when change to submit polygamy was likewise illegalized in Sarla Mudgal v. Association of India (hereinafter, ‘Sarla Mudgal’) and later maintained in Lily Thomas v. Association of India (hereinafter, ‘Lily Thomas’).The Sarla Mudgal CaseThe applicant for this situation was hitched for some year with three kids from the wedding when she discovered that her better half had gotten every second marriage with another lady, in the wake of changing over to Islam. Her better half changed over for the sole reason for getting a subsequent marriage and guaranteeing that the arrangements of Section 494 of the Indian Penal Code were not pulled in. He contended, notwithstanding, that Islam took into consideration constrained polygamy †four spouses †in this way, he could wed a subsequent time despite the fact that his first wife stayed a Hindu. The court held that marriage under the individual laws of one religion (here Hinduism) couldn't be prosecuted for disintegration under the law of another distinctive religion (here Islam) regardless of whether one of the gatherings grasped another diverse religion. This is on the grounds that such a standard would damage the privileges of the main life partner. In any case, the subsequent marriage would be void since this very explanation †that the main marriage stayed alive, considerably after change of the spouse.Facts of the Lily Thomas CaseThe Writ Petition was recorded by Smt. Sushmita Ghosh who had hitched Shri G. C. Ghosh in 1984 as per Hindu rituals. G. C. Ghosh had changed over to Islam in 1992 and educated his better half regarding the adjustment in religion. He expressed that he needed to wed Miss Vanita Gupta thus she ought to consent to a separation by common assent. Change in religion is an acknowledged ground for separate under segment 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. Smt. Sushmita Ghosh didn't need a separation and connected with her auntie and her dad to mediate for her sake. She, her dad and her relative attempted to convince her significant other to not go for a separation. Be that as it may, his choice stayed unaltered. He expressed that his better half could either separate by common assent, or she would need to endure his subsequent spouse, Ms. Vanita Gupta. Smt. Sushmita Ghosh was accordingly left with no other option however to move toward the courts. PETITIONER’S ARGUMENTS Change Not Due To FaithThe first point raised by the applicant, Smt. Sushmita Ghosh is that her better half, Shri G. C. Ghosh, had not changed over to Islam a matter of confidence, however had done so exclusively to take in a subsequent spouse. While boundless polygamy was took into account Hindus, before the establishment of the Hindu Marriage Act, it was nullified post 1955. In any case, constrained polygamy is still took into account the male supporters of Islam in India and they can have up to four spouses. In this manner, it had gotten ordinary for some male individuals from the Hindu confidence to change over to Islam to wed a subsequent lady, separating from their first spouse and afterward re-changing over back to Hinduism. The re-transformation was to guarantee that property interests were not hurt. The solicitor demonstrated this by alluding to, right off the bat, a birth authentication of a child destined to G. C. Ghosh from his subsequent spouse, wherein, his name shows up as â€Å"G. C. Ghosh† and his religion is expressed to be â€Å"Hindu†. Also, the mother’s (his subsequent spouse) name shows up as â€Å"Vanita Ghosh† and she also is a â€Å"Hindu†, as indicated by the birth declaration. Besides, the appointive move of the voting demographic shows the equivalent, as does the respondent’s visa to Bangladesh. Actually, he marked the marriage endorsement gave by Mufti Mohd. Tayyeb Qasmi, is marked by him as â€Å"G. C. Ghosh†.Removal of Burden of ProofThe second conflict raised was that since the judgment in Sarla Mudgal approved their case, conviction should occur with no requirement for evidence. In any case, it was held that the conviction couldn't be made sure dependent on just an announcement of affirmation made outside the court. This was on the grounds that the arrangements of the Indian Penal Code requested that verification of the primary marriage, yet in addition the subsequent marriage. This is as yet a lawful commitment and confirmation of the marriage by the individual being blamed for plural marriage, isn't sufficient to establish the prerequisite. The marital functions should have been appeared. RESPONDENT’S ARGUMENTS Contrast as to Sarla Mudgal †Article 20(1)It was battled that the law propounded in Sarla Mudgal, would not be pertinent to the current case as that case was not identified with individuals whose relationships were solemnized before the judgment articulating them void was passed. Despite the fact that these relationships would be violative of the law, there could be no review application. The court be that as it may, dismissed this contention. It said that no new law had been presented, yet the old, existing arrangements of the administering resolution had been deciphered. It is a standard of law that the translation of an arrangement returns to the date of that arrangement and isn't, in its tendency, planned. Consequently, the subsequent marriage would be proclaimed void and article 21 of the Constitution which expresses that â€Å"no individual will be sentenced for any offense with the exception of infringement of a law in power at the hour of the commission of the Act charged as an offense, nor be exposed to a punishment more prominent than that which may have been perpetrated under the law in power at the hour of the commission of the offence†, would not be influenced. Infringement of Article 21 and 25The other conflict raised by the advice was that the Sarla Mudgal judgment would be violative of Articles 21 and 25 of the Indian Constitution. On account of Article 21 which expresses that â€Å"no individual will be denied of life or freedom aside from as per the technique built up by law†, the court said that this dispute was misjudged. In this way, it is untimely to state that the judgment will bring about hardship of the life or freedom of both of the gatherings in light of the fact that the Sarla Mudgal judgment neither made another law, nor changed the technique for the prosecution.Another conflict raised by the respondent was that the judgment would abuse Article 25 of the Constitution, which ensured the privilege to opportunity of still, small voice and the option to affirm and engender a religion. Be that as it may, such a contention doesn't hold when the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, expressly nullified polygamy in the Hindu religion and further, segment 17 of the Act made void any relationships if any gathering had a living life partner, considerably after the marriage had been solemnized. Opportunity ensured by the Constitution was to be practiced by people, until they infringed upon another’s opportunity. In addition, if the demonstration fitted under segment 17 of the Hindu Marriage Act, its punishment was recommended in area 494 and segment 495 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. The court remarked on the dispute brought up in Sarla Mudgal that â€Å"making a Hindu Convert at risk for arraignment would be against Islam†. The court saw this contention as ‘ignorant’ of the idea of the religion of Islam. COURT’S DECISION Applying Natural Justice Further, the court represented that transformation with the end goal of plural marriage couldn't be squared with the standards of characteristic equity and value. Regular equity establishes in strategies or rules that are believed to not be right, characteristically. Here, the court concurred with the perspective on Justice M. C. Chagla in Robasa Khanum v. Khodadad Irani. The adjudicators were of the supposition that if a man changed over to Islam, to take in a

Henry, Patrick

Henry, Patrick Henry, Patrick, 1736â€"99, political leader in the American Revolution, b. Hanover co., Va. Largely self-educated, he became a prominent trial lawyer. Henry bitterly denounced (1765) the Stamp Act and in the years that followed helped fan the fires of revolt in the South. As an orator he knew no equal. Several phrases attributed to himâ€"e.g., If this be treason, make the most of it and Give me liberty or give me death â€"are familiar to all Americans. Henry became a leader among the so-called radicals and spoke clearly for individual liberties. He was a delegate to the house of burgesses (1765â€"74), the Continental Congress (1774â€"76), and the Virginia provincial convention (1775). His hopes for a military career in the American Revolution were frustrated, but as governor of Virginia (1776â€"79) he sent George Rogers Clark to the Illinois country. He was (1784â€"86) again governor and led the fight for the Virginia Religious Freedom Act of 1785. Although he later became a Fe deralist, Henry opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution, believing that it endangered state sovereignty, and he worked successfully to have the first 10 amendments (Bill of Rights) added to the Constitution. See W. W. Henry, Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence, and Speeches (3 vol., 1891; repr. 1970); biographies by M. C. Tyler (1898, repr. 1972), R. D. Meade (2 vol., 1957â€"69), R. R. Beeman (1974), and H. Mayer (1986). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Case Study on Recruitment

A case study on recruitment can serve as a useful source of applicable informations for those entrepreneurs, who are concerned about the efficiency of their recruitment methods and consequent employee satisfaction. The following paper presents an example of recruitment case study and includes background information, problem statement, implementation of a new solution and the outcome. Luminal is one of the leading cosmetic retail brands on the global market, and it has been maintaining this position for over half a century. It offers a wide selection of male and female beauty products, including personal hygiene products, bath goodies and decorative cosmetics. Luminal has collaborated with the world’s leading singers and actresses, such as Jessica Locrez and Penelopa Cues, involving them in Luminal’s advertisement campaigns. For a while, the company has been using traditional methods of targeting employees. However, with the advance of media technologies in general and the Internet in particular, sticking to the old-fashioned routine of announcing vacancies and stocking on CV’s left them at risk of staying behind their competitors in talent hunting. Although this might not sound like a considerable risk, one should not underestimate its long-term effects: failing to target and hire the best professionals on the market in the swiftest way possible will diminish the whole team’s professional level in the end. Luminel pursued talent hunting through social media. Currently, they have several Facebook pages. Apart from their official Facebook page, they have Luminel Friends page for their small-stock clients and Join Luminel! Page. Join Luminel! gives regular updates on the openings and enables HR managers to look through Facebook profiles of the applicants and contact those potential candidates, who have not applied, but whose experience listed on their Facebook pages fit the criteria for Luminel openings. Also, Luminel offered small gifts and bonuses for those users, who shared their updates and advertisements on their personal Facebook pages. This way the company managed to reach out to the global audience working in different professional areas. Recruitment procedures had to undergo significant changes. Implementation of social media meant that, instead of pursuing a â€Å"reactive† model, the company had to switch to a â€Å"proactive† model. Instead of merely processing the incoming applications for any position, Luminel’s recruiters choose to plan ahead an act ahead. They use Facebook to target the candidates and send them invitations to apply for the position without waiting for the news about the opening to reach them first. A timely reorganization of recruitment process resulted in a smooth transition from one model to another without any losses in income and team professionalism. For now, Luminel remains of the leaders on the cosmetic retail market. Their biggest competitive advantage lies in budget make-up sector due to their unique ability to balance the price and quality of their products. It would be reasonable to claim that this kind of success would be impossible without the involvement of a huge team of young and ambitious professionals. Considering the success of Facebook Join Luminel! project, the company plans on expanding to the rest of the famous social platforms, such as Instagram, Twitter and MySpace. References Ibrahim, S. Sidani, S. (2013). Strategies to Recruit Minority persons: A Systematic Review. Journal Of Immigrant And Minority Health, 16(5), 882-888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-013-9783-y Ã… opaciuk, A. Ã… oboda, M. (2013). Global Beauty Industry Trends in the 21st Century. In Management, Knowledge and Learning International Conference. Zadar, Croatia. Retrieved from http://www.toknowpress.net/ISBN/978-961-6914-02-4/papers/ML13-365.pdf Madia, S. (2011). Best practices for using social media as a recruitment strategy. Strategic HR Review, 10(6), 19-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14754391111172788 Shen, B. Bissell, K. (2013). Social Media, Social Me: A Content Analysis of Beauty Companies’ Use of Facebook in Marketing and Branding. Journal Of Promotion Management, 19(5), 629-651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2013.829160 Xu, S. (2014). Thoughts about Further Standardizing and Developing Model of Labor Dispatch Market. In International Conference on Global Economy, Commerce and Service Science. Shenyang, China: Shenyang Aerospace University Press.

Distinctive Voices Essay Plan - 1398 Words

Question: Interesting views on society are conveyed through distinctive voices. Question: Interesting views on society are conveyed through distinctive voices. People in society can have interesting views on issues around the world, these views on society are best conveyed through distinctive voices as it evokes feelings from the listener and allows them to relate to the situation through their own personal experiences. People in society can have interesting views on issues around the world, these views on society are best conveyed through distinctive voices as it evokes feelings from the listener and allows them to relate to the situation through their own personal experiences. Conclusion: Conclusion: Ideas linked: Ideas linked:†¦show more content†¦Rudd uses this to act as the voice of the nation and speak for us all. â€Å"we† â€Å"our† * Rhetorical Questions: Used to involve the audience, force them to recognize her views on society. Resulting in the audience developing a sense of empathy for her and allowing themselves to identify through their own experiences. â€Å"Did you have to worry about these things when you were my age?† * Innocent Child Voice: Ethos is appealed through this ‘innocent child voice’ which is uncorrupted and honest. Creates a sense of innocence and truth which is desperate to be heard. Develops a sympathetic appeal and demands the audience’s attention. â€Å"I’m only a child† * Rhetorical Questions: Used to involve the audience, force them to recognize her views on society. Resulting in the audience developing a sense of empathy for her and allowing themselves to identify through their own experiences. à ¢â‚¬Å"Did you have to worry about these things when you were my age?† * Innocent Child Voice: Ethos is appealed through this ‘innocent child voice’ which is uncorrupted and honest. Creates a sense of innocence and truth which is desperate to be heard. Develops a sympathetic appeal and demands the audience’s attention. â€Å"I’m only a child† * Metaphors: King uses numerous metaphors to provide a powerful link between the realities of the hardships faced by blackShow MoreRelatedIn The United States, Voters Have The Choice Between Republican1494 Words   |  6 Pagesto the beginning of the republic. Post-Revolution America brought about much debate over how the government should be ran, how big it should be, and how officials would be elected. Through this political turmoil, many agree that two men had strong voices in how the government should be shaped, Founding Fathers Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, and they, combined with the over all eventual setup of the government, are what led to the formation and sustaining of the two-party system that is presentRead MoreFrancis Bacon : An Essay3660 Words   |  15 Pagesword essay means the action or process of trying to test. Looking back through history, a man name Francis Bacon was the first person to write The Twoo Bookes of Francis Bacon: Of The Profiecience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Humane, an essay, with the first book, written about the significance of learning every field of life and the second part written about the lack of human knowledge and suggestions for improvement. After this successful period of Bacons’, more and more essays wereRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Chinese Mayor 1417 Words   |  6 PagesGeng has a transformation plan for this city. The birth of the documentary is associated with the social situation of China. This documentary film shows a different mayor with his distinctive thinking in China and the things he d oes in his tenure of office. Creators create is because of a need to change thinking. They want to take the new ideas to challenge the old ones to push the And also, the reason of this documentary film born will be discussed clearly in this essay. Datong, once flourishingRead MoreVermont Teddy Bear Analysis1394 Words   |  6 Pagesa strategic plan that forecasts success for Vermont Teddy Bear Co., Inc. in the near future and incorporate the following: * The roles and responsibilities of the board of directors in corporate governance and the way the board affects a company’s operation. * A list of the core competencies of the company. * Create an EFAS and IFAS matrix to understand the external and internal strengths and weaknesses. * The various decisions taken to formulate the plan and the reasonsRead MoreWhat Are The Key Characteristics Of Social Work?1499 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the key characteristics of Social Work? This essay discusses what key roles and tasks social workers undertake working with service users. Furthermore explaining the ways in which social work is distinctive from other professions. Another essential point that will be illustrated is the knowledge, skills and values that a social worker needs to apply to be effective in their work. Finally the problems that can lead to a social worker becoming unprofessionally involved with service usersRead More3 American Poets: Robert Frost, Mary Oliver, and Maya Angelou1043 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost, Mary Oliver, and Maya Angelou Poetry as a literally work in which the expression of ideas and feelings is given strength has had great authors overtime who took different perspectives in this genre of literature. These poets used distinctive rhythm and style to express their styles, poetic themes, outlook on life, and had their share of influence on the American society. This paper uses the basis of these styles, themes, outlook on life and subsequent influence on the American societyRead MoreThe Qualities Of A Speech Pathologist Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pages disappointment and self-loathing may ensue. Patients may feel hopeless, they may have lost their job and having empathy helps reinforce rapport. Having sensitivity and compassion helps speech therapists make precise decisions and modify treatment plan. The ability to have social affect greatly benefits the success of a speech pathologist, many families encounter grim situations. Families, parents, and caregivers are fretful concerning their loved ones future. As a speech pathologist, consoling familiesRead MoreDeveloping A New Product Development1526 Words   |  7 Pagesthese products do not suit the business strategy and capability and unfamiliarity in production along with quality requirement also become obstacles. The schedule, financial plan and decision stages on a project are frequently vague (Gruenwald, 1992). ‘It is no good starting a new product programme with a poorly thought out plan’ is supported by Allen (1993: 18). The success of products mostly results from producer’s realization in both of planning and implementation. These lead to many beneficialRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello, The Moor Of Venice Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesWithin this essay, I will be analysing the different featur es and aspects within act 3, scene 3 of the written text Othello, written by William Shakespeare in approximately 1603. I will be discussing the prominent features in the language used within this scene, and I will be exploring why this scene is important in relation to the play as a whole. I will also be discussing within this composition how the distinctive features of the language used within this play could be translated into a liveRead MoreThe Impact Of Victim Impact Statements On Sentencing From The Perspective Of Victims And Offenders Essay2511 Words   |  11 PagesAssessment 4: Essay 1. Evaluate the use of Victim Impact Statements in sentencing from the perspective of victims and offenders. The Impact of victims of crime has long been considered to be overlooked when it comes to the criminal justice system. It is common for victims of crime to feel powerless and without a voice in the criminal justice system. However, since 1980 Australian victims have had the chance to be heard through a document called a Victim Impact Statement, giving the victim a chance

First African-American in Baseball †“Jackie Robinson” Free Essays

Jackie Robinson, the first African-American in Baseball, changed the face of sports for ever. Not only was he an outstanding athlete, but with the help of Branch Ricky, they worked for reforms in the sports community. There was work required, though, since many sacrifices were made. We will write a custom essay sample on First African-American in Baseball – â€Å"Jackie Robinson† or any similar topic only for you Order Now The face of not only segregation, but the face of sports was on his shoulders. Through his unique form of, Jackie Robinson was one of the greatest driving forces behind equality and helps to equalize many things most people Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born in January 31, 1919 in the town of Cairo, Georgia. Jackie, as most people called him, was stared in many sports through both High School and College. He stared in Baseball, Football, Track, and Basketball. He had many accomplishments, but one that stands out in his college years was when alongside Kenny Washington almost took UCLA to the Rose Bowl (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 1). When Jackie’s athletic eligibility ended he left UCLA and got a job with the National Youth Administration. While there he played football with the Honolulu Bears. When World War 2 broke out, the Army’s Officers Candidate School accepted Jackie and ecame a second lieutenant. While stationed at Fort Riley in Kansas, Jackie was not allowed to play Baseball or Football (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 1). Jackie, however, tried to play both Baseball and Football while stationed. When the Football team formed he was ordered to go home on leave. Then he was told to try out for the nonwhite baseball team, which he later discovered didn’t exist. He was then sent Fort Hood. After a good deal of time, Jackie was court-martialed for breaking Jim Crow status. Although it he was found innocent, he was discharged on medical grounds, nd was given an honorable discharge (â€Å"Robinson, Jackie† 1). In 1945 Robinson signed a contract with the Kanas City Monarchs of the NAL (Negro American League) for four-hundred and fifty dollars a month (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 1). Attention was brought to Jackie because of his great play. Branch Ricky, Brooklyn’s General Manager, picked him as the most likely to overcome racism in sports In April 1945, ironically Jackie heard from the Boston Red Sox, who were the last to integrate the two leagues. On August 27, 1945 Robinson was brought to the Dodgers Office at 215 Montague Street. Jackie thought he was there for the Brown Dodgers, but on the contrary he was there to sign with the Montreal Royals. Ricky was really sure of Jackie but he wanted to see how he would put up with the pressure and abuse (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 1). To test him, Ricky put him through several situations. One involved a white player hurling offensive racial slurs at Jackie and then punched him in the face. â€Å"Rickey took a mock swing at Robinson, and hollered, ‘What do you do know, Jackie? What do you do now? ‘ Robinson replied, ‘I get it, Mr. Rickey. I’ve got another cheek. I turn the other cheek'† (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 1). That was all Rickey needed to hear and on October 23 he announced that Robinson had a contract with the Montreal Royals Jackie first appeared on April 18, 1946, for the first time in organized baseball. The house was packed and Jackie went four-for-five with one homer, four RBIs, four runs, and two stolen bases. As something of a trademark, Jackie danced away from the plate allowing Jersey City to commit two balks (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 2). Rickey feared that resistance was soon to follow and it did. At Syracuse he was aunted, two Baltimore players protested, and Robinson’s two black teammates that year washed out. He was a nervous wreak by the end of the season, but still he came out to be the International League’s batting champion at . 349 (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 2) Rickey decided that it was now time for Jackie to hit the major leagues, but he being very cautious. For Dodgers spring training in 1947, Rickey sent Jackie to Havana, but still keeping him on the Montreal roster. Rickey was being a cautious as he Could, trying to anticipate any countermove made against him. One move he may of issed was a number of players, including Dixie Walker, signed a petition against playing with ‘a black man’. One night Leo Durocher told them to take the petition and stuff it, after waking them up from sleeping. Rickey told them the same the next day Rickey had already thought this out, and he wanted Jackie’s teammates not only to accept him but to want him. he scheduled seven exhibition games in order to show of what Jackie could do. He received an . 625 batting average, and that seem to turn some eyes in his direction. Rickey, although, didn’t announce Jackie was on that seasons line p until three days before the first game. The news of this you would think would be headline, but it was overshadowed by the suspension of Durocher (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 2). He played his first game at the age of 28. For several games he went hitless and he continued to struggle for most of the season. The behavior of other teams did not help though. Death threats were given in Cincinnati against both him and Reese, a long time friend and supporter. Problems continued and even the Cardinals almost went on strike until St. Louis management and National League President Ford Frick stopped it. â€Å"‘I do ot care if the league strikes,’ Frick said, ‘those who do will encounter quick retribution. All will be suspended, and I don’t care if it wreaks the National League for five years. This is the United States of America and one citizen has as much right to play as another. The National League will go down the line with Robinson, whatever the consequences'† Jackie had to stifle a lot because the verbal abuse, and the immense pressure continued, but through it all Rickey’s experiment had worked. â€Å".. itcher Don Newcombe, ‘That’s the one thing I didn’t like about Jackie he always wanted to be right, and you an’t be right all the time. You have to be wrong sometimes'† (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 2). After a year or two of confusion Jackie was traded to the Giant for Dick Littlefield and thirty-thousand dollars. The Giants offered him sixty thousand to stay on, but the Dodgers accused him of saying something about retiring just to get a better and bigger contract. To prove him wrong Jackie retired and started busying himself with Financial games and such (â€Å"Jackie Robinson† 3). Once out of Baseball he got a position with a coffee company and then as board hairman of Freedom national Bank. Robinson grew ill with diabetes and died from a heart attack in his home in Stanford, Connecticut on October 24, 1972. The Dodgers retired his number 42, and he was elected into the hall of fame in 1962, the first year he was eligible. The National League Rookie of the year was renamed in his honor in 1986 Though most people now take segregation for granted, there where many people who helped change it. Jackie Robinson with the help of Branch Rickey worked to reform the major leagues of not only one sport but all of them. How to cite First African-American in Baseball – â€Å"Jackie Robinson†, Essay examples

The Boarding House

According to James Joyce, the narrator, Mrs. Mooney who was married to his father’s foreman, but is separated now from her husband owns the Boarding House. At first, she is a quite and self-determined woman who later reacts due to her husbands drinking problems and fighting him in front of customers. Mr. Mooney seems to have respect to his father in law because he was not drinking when he was alive, but after his death, he goes on drinking, and thus debts accumulate in their business.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Boarding House specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mrs. Mooney then decides to take the best action of being liberated. It is clear that her husband has controlled her life all through, but as soon as they are separated, she appears to become strong, autonomous, and controlling. However, as she is liberated and free from her husband, she starts to have power over others’ lives. Despite the fact that she was a victim, she also becomes a victimizer. According to James Joyce, Mrs. Mooney is a woman who deals with morals as to how a â€Å"cleaver deals with meat†. The boarding house seems to be a hunting point for a man who can make a good husband to the daughter Polly. She also uses her daughter to attract young men into her business as she says that they like the feeling of a young woman besides them. Mr. Doran, who is one of the guests, falls into the trap of Mrs. Mooney. She manipulates both Mr. Doran and Polly because she takes advantage of both Polly’s and Mr. Duran’s innocence. It is clear that Mr. Duran is a victim for both Mrs. Mooney and her daughter, given that Mrs. Mooney as a businessperson wants to take advantage of him, knowing well that he has a good job and so she is able to extract money from him. On the other hand, Mrs. Mooney refers to him as a serious quite man and so it is easy to take advantage of him, as he is not talkative as the others. Mrs. Mooney also takes advantage of the society and religion to which Mr. Duran comes from to make him marry her daughter. She knows well that Mr. Duran is a committed follower of his religion and acts according to its rules since such religions makes men to be responsible for their actions and in this case, marriage seems to be unavoidable after sleeping together. Mrs. Mooney has made the boarding house a house of crime by making Polly her daughter to sleep with Duran and makes him to commit a crime, which is against his religious doctrines. In this case, Duran is trapped into the guilt of crime and the only way to overcome his guilt is through marriage due to the perceptions of the society. He is worried of the outcome and all he has gone through under Mrs. Mooney territory as a guest.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He is not sure of how the church leaders will deal with him since he has sinned and as a worker in the Catholic wine merchant office, he is afraid to lose his employment. Mrs. Mooney knows well that Mr. Duran is likely to lose his job and as the narrator says, â€Å"she did not think he will be dealt by the public, may be worse losing his job†. Mr. Duran is now faced with reality and is not able to run away. Although towards the end of the narration he wishes that the roof would open up to pave way for him to fly away, but his guilt makes him go downstairs and is ashamed of the look he will get from Polly’s brother who wears a thick face. He gets into the trap and awaits the outcome of the act. It is quite ironical to end with marriage as the whole story is laid down as a comedy. Mrs. Mooney has also made Polly a puppet and we see that he keeps moving her from her typing job back to her own after her attempt to marry her off to the well off bosses failed. Mr. Duran has been trapped in the Dublin society and he is with mixed feelings since there is no solid affection between him and Polly. Mr. Duran is not ready to marry due to his work but is afraid if Polly gets pregnant and commits suicide if he fails to marry her. The mist that gathers on the glass and that he has to wipe it off with his handkerchief when Duran attempts to shave brings out his character containing obscured vision since he is unable to question the situation and deal with it. Another case that reflects his premonition and shortsightedness is when he is going downstairs, his eyeglasses are filled with moisture, and he is not able to see well but has to wipe them. In conclusion, the main characters in the boarding house are controlled by social conventions. They do not have the power over their own lives as we see in the first part is that Mrs. Mooney gets married to a drunken and violent husband who beats her up in front of customers. She is also materialistic in the sense that she set a criterion for the type of man to marry Polly, and is focused on a presentable and one with income. Her life is full of materialism since she has been able to trap Duran to marry her daughter and this way to get Polly off her hands or responsibility. Mrs. Mooney is only after her own interest since she does not care the feeling her daughter and Mr. Duran have and this seems to be a characteristic of the people of Dublin society. The three main characters in this narration brings out the social interests of the society and it is clear that the society has those who takes advantage of others or the exploiters such as Mrs. Mooney and her daughter and also the victims, who are represented by Mr. Doran. Since surviving in Dublin society seems difficult mainly for women, it is only those who are crafty are able to survive just like Mrs. Mooney and her daughter.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Boarding House specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Work Cited Joyce, James. The Boarding House. London: Grant Richards, 1914. This essay on The Boarding House was written and submitted by user Kendyl Lamb to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn

Title: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Author: Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) Author Works: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper Mark Twain: Mark Twain is one of America’s best authors and the most famous. Mark twain was born in 1835 on November 30 in Florida, Missouri. Florida and Hannibal, Missouri is where he got his ideas for Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer. Twain was an avid traveler he went to many places in his time; all aver the world. To write he observed people doing there everyday lives. He got many awards from colleges universities and others; He died On April 21, 1910. Illustrator: none Setting: Some of the book is set in St. Petersburg, Missouri. But most of the book is set in and on the Mississippi River. The City is about 80 miles away from St. Louis. But The Book is in Eighteenth Century America. Characterization: Huck Finn: the main Character of the book, son of the town drunk. He is 12 yrs old. Clever and knows a lot about life. Jim: the run away slave of Miss Watson helps Huck gain freedom. Travels with him. Widow Douglas: Huck’s guardian who adopts him and wants to civilize him. Takes care of two other kids. Pap: Huck’s father when he comes back to town when he learns that his son has become rich. Tom Sawyer: a friend of Huck who is about the same age. Duke and Dauphin: two friends who go around tricking people and getting their money, they also join Huck and Jim on the raft. Plot: Huck and tom have earlier found a hidden treasure they are allowed to keep the treasure. His father comes back for his money and to take it all. He feels that it is rightfully his and tries to catch him many times. One day he waits for him catches him and they have a short fight. When Huck is locked in the cabin down river his father beats him. After a couple of months pass he runs away and His father thinks that he is dead because of the pig blood Huck left behind. Aft... Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Free Essays on Huckleberry Finn Title: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Author: Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) Author Works: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper Mark Twain: Mark Twain is one of America’s best authors and the most famous. Mark twain was born in 1835 on November 30 in Florida, Missouri. Florida and Hannibal, Missouri is where he got his ideas for Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer. Twain was an avid traveler he went to many places in his time; all aver the world. To write he observed people doing there everyday lives. He got many awards from colleges universities and others; He died On April 21, 1910. Illustrator: none Setting: Some of the book is set in St. Petersburg, Missouri. But most of the book is set in and on the Mississippi River. The City is about 80 miles away from St. Louis. But The Book is in Eighteenth Century America. Characterization: Huck Finn: the main Character of the book, son of the town drunk. He is 12 yrs old. Clever and knows a lot about life. Jim: the run away slave of Miss Watson helps Huck gain freedom. Travels with him. Widow Douglas: Huck’s guardian who adopts him and wants to civilize him. Takes care of two other kids. Pap: Huck’s father when he comes back to town when he learns that his son has become rich. Tom Sawyer: a friend of Huck who is about the same age. Duke and Dauphin: two friends who go around tricking people and getting their money, they also join Huck and Jim on the raft. Plot: Huck and tom have earlier found a hidden treasure they are allowed to keep the treasure. His father comes back for his money and to take it all. He feels that it is rightfully his and tries to catch him many times. One day he waits for him catches him and they have a short fight. When Huck is locked in the cabin down river his father beats him. After a couple of months pass he runs away and His father thinks that he is dead because of the pig blood Huck left behind. Aft...

Aphids, Family Aphididae

Aphids, Family Aphididae Plant-sucking aphids are the bane of a gardeners existence. Come spring, aphids appear as if by magic and begin draining the life out of tender plants. Their ability to reproduce, both sexually and asexually, is prolific. Description Aphid bodies are soft and pear-shaped. Though most often green or yellow, aphids come in a variety of colors, from red to black. Few aphids measure more than a couple of millimeters. An individual aphid would be difficult to spot, but since aphids feed in groups, their presence is usually noticeable. Up close, aphids resemble little muscle cars with a pair of tailpipes. Entomologists believe these abdominal appendages, called cornicles, secrete waxy lipids or alarm pheromones when the aphid senses a threat. The presence of cornicles is a common characteristic of all aphids. Antennae may have five or six segments, with the final segment ending in a thin flagellum. At their other end, aphids possess a cauda, a short, tail-like appendage centered between the cornicles. Aphids usually lack wings, though certain environmental conditions may cause winged forms to develop. Classification Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – HemipteraFamily - Aphididae Diet Aphids feed on plant phloem tissues, sucking the sugary liquids from the host plants vascular system. Reaching the phloem is no easy task. Aphids feed using a straw-like proboscis that contains thin, delicate stylets for piercing plant tissues. In order to protect the stylets from damage, the aphid secretes a special fluid from them, which hardens into a protective sheath. Only then can the aphid begin feeding. Aphids need nitrogen, but phloem juices contain mostly sugars. To get adequate nutrition, aphids must consume an enormous quantity of phloem liquids. They excrete the excess sugars in the form of honeydew, a sweet residue left behind on plant surfaces. Other insects, such as ants and wasps, follow behind the aphids, licking up the honeydew. Life Cycle The aphid life cycle is somewhat complex. Aphids usually reproduce asexually, with aphid mothers giving live birth to their young. Sexual reproduction occurs just once per year, if at all. Just before winter, sexual females mate with males and then lay eggs on a perennial plant. The eggs overwinter. In warm climates or in greenhouses, sexual reproduction rarely occurs. Special Adaptations and Defenses Aphids are tiny, slow-moving, and soft-bodied – in other words, easy targets. Theyre far from defenseless, however. Aphids use both fight and flight, and everything in between, to protect themselves. If a predator or parasitoid approaches an aphid, it can react in a number of ways. Aphids will literally kick their attackers, with some serious aggression. In other cases, the aphid may just walk away, hoping to elude the trouble. Sometimes, the aphid does a stop, drop, and roll, and simply falls to the ground. Some aphid species employ soldier aphids to stand guard. Aphids also arm themselves with defensive weaponry. When a pursuing predator attempts to take a bite from behind, they can excrete a waxy lipid from their cornicles to fill the attackers mouth. Alarm pheromones broadcast the threat to other aphids or may summon protection from bodyguards of other species. If a lady beetle attempts to feed on it, a cabbage aphid will mix toxic chemicals within its abdomen to bomb the offender. Aphids also use bodyguard ants, which they pay with sweet honeydew excretions. Range and Distribution Both abundant and diverse, aphids mainly inhabit temperate zones. Aphid species number over 4,000 worldwide, with about 1,350 species in North America alone.

The Effect of the Paywall Strategy on News Corp Company Essay

The Effect of the Paywall Strategy on News Corp Company - Essay Example The newspaper industry earns the majority of its revenue through advertising from other companies who pay to depend upon the number of circulations. The advent of internet gave rise to electronic news where advertisers pay depending upon the page views. The paywall strategy implemented by News Corp by putting WSJ, The Times and The Sunday Times behind the strategy has resulted in a downfall in the number of monthly page views. However it is pertinent to mention here that availability of free content online and decline in the circulation of newspaper prompted the management to put online content behind paywall so that it may increase the newspaper circulation and at the same time generate revenue from subscriptions (Salmon, 2010). The objective behind the paywall strategy is to identify the customer and their wants and interests more clearly and build direct customer wherever possible. It further makes it clear that advertising alone will not bear the operational costs of print news a s successful newspaper of the future will charge for their content (News Corp, Annual Report, 2009). The strategy worked for Wall Street Journal as it provided editorial content, analysis and expert articles on topics which attracted certain target groups for subscription (Drury, 2010)2. According to comScore, the readership of Times UK website declined from 4 million unique visitors to 2.4 million, a 62% drop in the readership whereas page views came down by 90% from 41 million views in May 2010 to 4 million in September 2010 (Schonfeld, 2010)3. a) According to first quarter report for the fiscal year 2011, the newspaper businesses achieved an average 13% increase in advertising revenue with gains as compared to quarter in the previous year (News Corp, 2010). As paywall strategy was implemented in early June 2010, the results published in the report reveal positive results with an increase in the revenue, which means that company is making substantial profits through subscriptions. However the drop in the page views will be a big blow to the company as advertisers would not want to invest their money on a place where they could not get more visitors. Though the annual reports show marginal profits in newspaper segment, drop in page views from 21 million to 2.7 million will definitely have an impact on online revenue generation (Salmon, 2010).     

Organizational behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational behavior - Essay Example Motivation has always been considered a stronghold of the human resources department but lately organizations have realized that line managers are constantly in contact with the employees and for most of the employees, their immediate superiors represent the management of the company (Brewster & Larsen 1992). If these managers have the responsibility and authority to control and reward the employees directly under them, it could enhance productivity and effectively work out better for the organization. The personnel specialists have practically negligible interactions with the employers and it is felt that line managers are appropriate to handle the issues relating to staff under them. They are suitable to motivate and being out the best from the staff. Motivation to work can come from external factors or from within. According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the physiological needs have to be satisfied for an individual to be motivated to work for the next need. In this hierarchy the self-actualization arises when all other needs have been satisfied. According to Herzberg two factors act upon the motivation of employees – the hygiene factors and the motivators. Hygienes are the intrinsic entities while motivators are intrinsic (Tietjen & Myers, 1998). According to Herzberg motivators cause positive job attitudes because they satisfy the workers need for self-actualization, which according to Maslow is the need for self-actualization, which is an individual’s ultimate goal. These motivators include recognition, achievement, growth prospects, responsibility and the work itself. Most employees are not clear about the roles and responsibilities, no role clarity, which leads to no satisfaction of job as the motivators according to Herzberg (cited by Tietjen & Myers, 1998) are not present. These factors can have a lasting impression on worker’s attitude,

Translating for Social Change :: Essays Papers

Translating for Social Change Frequently in "Feminist Political and Social Thought" taught at SUNY Albany, by Dr. J. Hobson, I found myself simultaneously inspired and frustrated by the theory we were assigned to read. Authors such as bell hooks, Uma Narayan, Ann Russo, Kimberly Crenshaw, Andy Smith, John Stoltenberg, and Judy Baca did such wonderful jobs of pointing out the problems of perspective that stymie the feminist movement from achieving its goal to facilitate the bonding of the oppressed across differences, in order to overcome all oppressions. Unfortunately when combing through these authors intricately written, often jargon-ridden words, it was difficult to make practical sense of their insights. I understood what many of them were saying and in many cases I couldn't agree more, only I could barley imagine how these theories might be applied to real life scenarios. Furthermore, it was difficult for me to see how much of this would come to any use-say the next time someone made a racist, homophobic, We stern-centric, sexist comment at work, or at the Thanksgiving dinner table for that matter. How could I possibly communicate the things that had been discussed in the classroom, laced with words like paradigm, praxis, pedagogy, and a completely deconstructed concept of the word "culture"? All these things would need an introduction of their own-and that may work in a classroom-but rarely in a conversation! In this essay I will approach the issue of communicating themes Women's Studies and other relatively obscured disciplines concerned with social change outside of academia, where jargon-laden talk will not work. In her essay "Educating Women: A Feminist Agenda" bell hooks asserts that a feminist movement to end sexist oppression that ignores communication with the majority of women and men (i.e. those outside of academia) is a movement that has no hope of realizing its goals for social change. Hooks contends, "The ability to "translate" ideas to an audience that varies in age, sex, ethnicity, degree of literacy is a skill feminist educators need to develop . . . Difficulty of access has been a problem with much feminist theory" (111) One educator/activist who demonstrates hooks' idea in his teaching techniques is Glenn Omatsu. However as an educator Omatsu does not put the onus of translation solely on himself, he holds his students responsible for translating what they have learned in the classroom for people outside of the classroom and in the community beyond the university campus.

Principles and Policies of Health Promotion

Annex 1 â€Å"MSF & prevention†Ã‚   17 2 1. Introduction Historically, MSF is involved with IEC (Information, Education and Communication) activities or project since almost 10 years. It mainly started in 2 parallel directions: Within the HIV/AIDS vertical project developed before the introduction of ART? e used to develop prevention project to reduce the spread of infection in the general community and amongst target groups (mass communication campaign to change the behaviour of the community) Within the Water, Hygiene & Sanitation project, hygiene promotion activities were developed to promote the use of the water & sanitation facilities in the communities but also to adapt the behaviour of the pop in regards to these facilities – In April 2006, an IEC workshop was organised in the OCB in order to structure the IEC activities on the field1. From there the I. E.C activities have been redefined and a change of the terminology to Health Promotion was adopted. This change in terminology was adopted to avoid misunderstanding and confusion with the activities of communication department but also to fall within the framework of our medical activities. This policy paper is written in order to explain why MSF is involved in Health Promotion and to set a framework for the Health Promotion activities; it’s not a guide on the implementation of the activities. It will continuously evolve with the experiences gained over time. 2. Some Health Promotion definitions . 1 From WHO Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve 2 their health. Health promotion represents a comprehensive social and political process, it not only embraces actions directed at strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals, but also action directed towards changing social, environmental and economic conditions so as to alleviate their impact on public and individual health. Participation is essential to sustain health promot ion action. – The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic strategies for health promotion.These are: – advocacy for health to create the essential conditions for health indicated above; – enabling all people to achieve their full health potential; – and mediating between the different interests in society in the pursuit of health. These strategies are supported by five priority action areas: – Build healthy public policy, – Create supportive environments for health – Strengthen community action for health, – Develop personal skills – and Re-orient health services 1 2 For more information see report on the IEC workshop 2006- Genevieve Loots & Ann Wouters Reference: Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.WHO, Geneva, 1986 3 2. 2 From John Hubley, â€Å"Communicating Health† John Hubley is presenting the HESIAD model which involves 3 different components into health promotion ? â€Å"Health promotion component is being u sed to draw attention to the need for educational & political action to improve health† 3 Health promotion Health education: Communication directed at individuals, families and communities to influence: Awareness/knowledge, decision making, beliefs/attitude/empowerment of individual and community action/behaviour change community participationService improvement : improvement: Improvement in quality & quantity of services: services Accessibility Case management Drug supply Counselling Staff attitudes Outreach Social marketing Advocacy: Agenda setting and advocay for healthy public policy Policies for health Income generation Removal of obstacles, discrimination, inequalities, gender barriers Fig. Components of health promotion (HESIAD)4 3 4 J. Hubley, Communicating health- An action guide to health education and health promotion- p. 2 J. Hubley, Communicating Health- An action guide to health education and health promotion-p. 15 4 3. 3. 1 Health Promotion within the OCB Defini tion As an emergency medical humanitarian organisation, the definition of health promotion, as state by WHO (process of enabling people to take control over their health ) is too wide for MSF actions. It involves a lot of development ideas for example poverty elimination, literacy and general education, social programs, income generating activities, etc.Therefore, within OCB, we are limiting Health Promotion as a set of activities of health education and health services improvement5 that are intending to develop better the use of health care services (patients & population). The population HP approach is focusing on communities to promote our health structures and to control the epidemics in the population. The patient HP approach is focusing on patient and on the adaptation of the health care to the cultural behaviours and practices of the population where we are working. Example of health promotion activities: 1.HP activities for population – Investigate health-seeking beha viour Promotion of available health services Create health-risk awareness about cholera, ebola for example Assure user friendliness clinic Patient education on HIV & TB to improve adherence (= treatment literacy) Providing patient-adjusted information on health-issues Stimulate self-management of chronic patients (empowerment) 2. HP activities for patients In most of the old â€Å"IEC called† project, the Health Promotion component should be re-orientated towards a support of patients (instead of community) n order to help them to reinforce or adapt a set of behaviour to get better & get more adapted care. In different organisation as well as in MSF sections you will easily hear different names for the Health Promotion activities such I. E. C (Information, education & communication), B. C. C (behaviour change communication), health communication, health education, patient education, etc. But they all aim at reinforcing knowledge and skills related to health (disease, treatmen t & prevention) in order to allow the patient to take decisions & actions towards his health.Health Promotion encourages comprehensive interventions that combine approaches such as anthropology, sociology, education, training and communication for healthy behaviour adaptation; for more information on Behaviour change model, please refer to M. Varasso â€Å"Behaviour Change towards HIV/AIDS† and the Health belief Model6. 5 Services improvement could be: – Improvement in the content of the services: e. g improvement of the patient education – Improvement in the accessibility of the service: e. g timing, location & introduction of home & community visits – Improvements in the acceptability of services: e. enforcement of confidentiality, use of women field staff, use of lay field staff, involvement of persons from the target community John Hubley – Communicating Health- An action guide to health education and health promotion- p. 15 6 Health Belief Mod el (HBM) is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors. This is done by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals 5 3. 2 Key principles for Health Promotion 1. Health Promotion activities should always be integrated and serving the medical objective of the project.It must be considered as a transversal approach integrated in the different activities of the project; it is not a project in itself. In a logical framework of a project document it should be situated at the level of activities, expected results and indicators. 2. As a particularity, Health Promotion focuses on the health communication with individuals (it's not a health problem in itself). That is why it applies to different: – diseases (HIV, TB-treatment, malaria, etc), – subgroups (children, young women, patient HIV+), – attitudes/habits that we want to influence (access to services & care, promotion of healthy behaviour, etc) 3.The MSF's understanding of the population, perception of the illness 7 and the health seeking behaviour are essential in order to offer and to improve the development of our health services. It’s an essential step to start any kind of Health Promotion activities, it's necessary to understand how the population is functioning before defining health messages adapted to the culture of the population and patients. 4. The activities of Health Promotion will vary from one project to another and will always need to be adapted to the context. 5.The Health Promotion/education activities should be done in priority within our health structures addressing patients & care takers in groups or individually 6. Health Promotion activities can also be done at the communities’ level with specific objectives: To promote our services: attract people in our structures and explain our services to communities (promotion of the services for victims of sexual violence in the community, promotion of our vaccination sites, etc) To prevent epidemics spreading: when there is an outbreak of cholera, hemorrhagic fever, malaria, measles, etc. e should inform the communities at risk how the disease is transmitted, how to prevent getting the disease and what to do in case of the contraction of the symptoms To monitor a health situation: in some context it can help the project to develop a component of community health worker or home visitor network to collect health surveillance information (mortality, morbidity, MUAC, vaccination, etc) To ensure access of the vulnerable group to our structures: when a population/village/specific group identified is not coming to our structure and they are at high risk of specific health problem 7 DISEASE is the definition of a health problem by a medical expert, ILLNESS refers to the experience of the problem by the patient; and SICKNESS is the social role attached to a health problem by the society at large. 6 3. 3 Roles and profiles: Ideally, we should send different pro files to be in charge of the HP activities; the first phase should have in priority an anthropologist or sociologist who will analyse the cultural behaviour of the population; followed by a social communicator person who will design a health communication strategy.However, this rarely happen and one person is usually in charge of the different steps of the HP activities. 3. 3. 1 Anthropologist's role in a project: To understand the risky practices of the target group linked to the transmission of a illness, for example: to collect information on the behaviour and the cultural practices of the pop. linked to the spread of HIV/AIDS; to get information on cultural burial procedure-linked to Ebola; etc To determine the health seeking behaviour of a target population ? Why are the pop not coming to our health services?Where do they go for care? Linking with Traditional healer? Sorcery, Witchcraft? To get a better analyse of cultural barriers in the population: perception of a health prob lem by the target group, organisation of the society, power, decision maker, etc. To analyse the knowledge, attitude and practices on a disease or health problem (KAP survey) To analyse and understand how MSF is perceived in the population But also at the level of the service provider, to analyse and understand the staff attitude towards patients/diseases To study the conception of illness Etc. ? He/she will then apply findings into practical recommendations for the project but also for the development of health messages. The anthropologist is NOT going to solve all your problems in the project; he needs to have a clear job description. The field needs to identify what they want to analyse and understand and how it will improve their medical activities. It’s essential to be specific. He is part of the medical team and need constant discussion with the medical team/field coordinator.It’s possible to require specifically an anthropologist for several months to undertake a qualitative survey. But often, the expatriate health promoter will also have a degree in Anthropology or Sociology (or Social Sciences); it’s more likely to have one expatriate in charge of everything. Rem: For the moment MSF is sending anthropologist too late in the stage of the project design; it would be useful to use the anthropologist’s competences at some early phase of the project (explo mission or starting of a new project).In project by choice, the sending of an anthropologist can really provide key information on the context, the population and the link with MSF (in 2008 we have send anthropologist in Niger and Lubutu). 3. 3. 2 Health Promoter's role in a project Your health promoter could have a communication or nursing or educational background depending of what is available and which profile is best suiting the project.To collect data's about the target population To set up the strategies for the HP activities according to the objectives of the project T o recruit (if not yet done) and train/coach a team of national health promoter To define the priorities of the health messages according to the risk practices and the health seeking behaviour analyse To adapt the content of the messages according to the culture & target pop (importance of pre testing the materials) To understand how MSF is perceived in the population 7 – To develop (or re-use) communication materials (educational games, pictures, osters) and to choose appropriate channels of communication To monitor the HP activities (including participation to the Annual Review Operation exercise) To evaluate the understanding of the health messages by the beneficiaries and adapt the content of information He/she is part of the medical team and need constant discussion with the medical team/field. Because the HP activities should be integrated in the project, the expatriate presence on the field should be seen as a temporary phase in order to leave the activities in the hand s of national staffs (when available) who usually know better the cultural behaviour of the target pop. nd have easily access to communities. 4. Why is MSF involved in Health Promotion? Health Promotion activities are usually linked to disease preventive 8 activities. To give information and to â€Å"coach† or educate persons on different health topic & measures is an essential element to avoid individual getting sick, to recognize earlier symptoms and come to be treated but also to ensure patients following treatment procedures. Health Promotion activities want to ensure preventive behaviour in term of health.Prevention's level and activities9 It’s important to differentiate 4 levels of prevention where MSF actions put in place will be variable but also where the Health Promotion activities will differ. Primordial prevention: level zero of prevention: Activities aiming at decreasing societal vulnerability, lowering individual risk through contextual interventions. Exa mple of activities= poverty reduction, decreasing stigma & discrimination, HIV awareness for the general public, etc.So it concerns risk reduction of a health problem at population (societal) level and MSF will never intervene at this level of prevention. Primary prevention: covers all activities designed to reduce the occurrence and the transmission of an illness (disease free). Primary prevention methods are used before the person gets the disease. ? Reduction of the incidence & prevalence of health problem Example of activities done by MSF= immunisation, improve water supply, family planning services, use of condom, prophylaxis during pregnancy, etc.Secondary prevention: activities aimed at the recognition of early signs of disease and search for treatment before it become serious. Secondary prevention avoids that infection become illness. ? Reducing the morbidity Example of activities = testing of HIV, medical consultations, treatment, vaccination 8 Disease prevention covers mea sures not only to prevent the occurrence of disease, such as risk factor reduction, but also to arrest its progress and reduce its consequences once established.Reference: adapted from Glossary of Terms used in Health for All series. WHO, Geneva, 1984 Primary prevention is directed towards preventing the initial occurrence of a disorder. Secondary and tertiary prevention seeks to arrest or retard existing disease and its effects through early detection and appropriate treatment; or to reduce the occurrence of relapses and the establishment of chronic conditions through, for example, effective rehabilitation. Disease prevention is sometimes used as a complementary term alongside health promotion.Although there is frequent overlap between the content and strategies, disease prevention is defined separately. Disease prevention in this context is considered to be action which usually emanates from the health sector, dealing with individuals and populations identified as exhibiting ident ifiable risk factors, often associated with different risk behaviours. 9 Disease prevention- definition of WHO For more information on â€Å"Prevention and MSF†, please refer to the doc in annex 1. 8 Tertiary prevention: Targets the person who already has symptoms of the isease and it includes behaviours that are involved in treatment & rehabilitation (person is already sick) The goals of tertiary prevention are: – prevent damage and pain from the disease – slow down the disease – prevent the disease from causing other problems – give better care to people with the disease – make people with the disease healthy again and able to do what they used to do Example of activities: treatment, patient education, emotional support etc. ? Reduction of the morbidity, suffering & mortality 9 Risk: Population: General Theoretical risk Healthy population ? ? Specific High Risk ?Healthy ind. ? Early signs ? Diseases ? Death Infected ind. ? Patients (sick) ? Death/handicap Intervention MSF Never or through partners Polio eradication, HIV awareness, etc Not systematic Prevention activities Vaccination, Vector control, HP, Family Planning, etc. Always Supportive & curative Testing, consultation, treatment, screening, health Education, etc. Always Curative & palliative care Emotional support, treatment, patient education etc. Primordial prevention Primary prevention (Incidence & prevalence) Secondary prevention (Morbidity) Tertiary prevention (Morbidity& mortality) Depending of the project’s objectives, MSF can be involved with variation at the different levels of prevention. 10 5. Health promotion as a transversal axe Health promotion was set up as a transversal axe into the Operational prospect in 2008 and in 2009 Health Promotion is integrated into the â€Å"Prevention† transversal axe. It means the HP activities should be considered into the different operational fields of intervention but also in the others transversal axes (Women health, nutrition, etc). 5. 1 Health Promotion activities to consider per health problem Some Health promotion activities to consider . Analyse & understand the risky practices increasing the transmission of HIV/AIDS amongst the population/community & patients 2. Understand the reasons of not coming for testing, for PMTCT (Health seeking behaviour, Stigma) 3. Measure the knowledge, attitude and perception of HIV/AIDS in target group 4. Promote of the services for families members, children and partners 5. Empowerment of patient (patient education on disease & preventive measure, treatment literacy, support group, PLWHA expert, etc) 6. provide support to adherence in health structure and in the community 7.Ensure HIV services adapted to your target group of patients 8. Collaborate with Traditional healer, TBA, 1. Analyse and understand the disease perception (fears and stigma) & knowledge in the pop. 2. Promotion of services for TB families & care givers 3. Provide patie nt education & treatment literacy 4. Support to adherence 5. Train health staff on infection control measure 1. Analyse and understanding the disease knowledge and preventive measure 2. Promote the use of the mosquito nets with patients & communities during the season 3. Training on recognition of symptoms 4.Promotion of the use of our services 5. Develop the component of malaria volunteers 1. Analyse and understand the disease perception and the risky behaviour in the community increasing the transmission 2. Measure the knowledge, perception & attitudes of the pop. towards the disease 3. Disseminate information on the preventive & disease control measures to the general population 4. Collaborate with key leaders of the community ? visit of the isolation unit 5. Educate of the patients and families (and neighbour) in order to decrease fears & stigma of the patients 6.Participate to burials to ensure the respect of the tradition (orientation of the body, traditional beliefs, etc). 10 Health thematic HIV/AIDS Reference documents/books 1. HIV/AIDS OCB Policy 2008 â€Å"chapter on prevention and empowerment & autonomy of PLWH† 2. Patient support in HIV/AIDS – draft MSF OCB 2008 3. DVD Health Promotion communication materials – HIV/AIDS thematic – OCB 2007 4. Patient Support for HIV Infected children- 2008 D. Goetghebuer & K. Bosteels TB 1. Adherence strategy for TB treatment- MSF OCB 2008 2. DVD Health Promotion communication materials – TB thematic – OCB 2007 1.DVD Health Promotion communication materials – malaria thematic – OCB 2007 Malaria Infectious diseases 1. FVH guideline internationalHealth Promotion & Anthropology chapter 2. Ebola, culture & politics : the Anthropology of an Emerging disease10 3. Cholera Health Promotion technical briefs 4. DVD Health Promotion communication materials – cholera, Ebola, Rift Valley fever, †¦ OCB 2007 Ebola, culture & politics: the Anthropology of an Emerg ing disease, Barry S Hewlett and BonnieL. Hewlett 11 Some Health promotion activities to consider 1.Analyze and understanding the cultural barriers of the use of the services or understanding the reasons of delivering at home or the KAP on FGM, etc. 2. Promotion of services (ANC, FP, PMTCT, delivery, abortion, sexual violence). 3. Integrated health education for mothers on different reproductive health subject 4. Home visitors to refer ANC visit, follow up of sexual violence 5. Collaboration with TBA – information on dangers of deliveries and referral of complicated cases 6. Collaboration with women groups 1. Analyse of the perception of the malnutrition in the pop 2.Understanding cultural practices or beliefs increasing malnutrition of children 3. Analyse the cultural factors in a famine context 4. Nutritional education to mothers – develop peer mothers + appetite test 5. Nutritional education to men 6. Defaulter tracing support- community support 1. Analyse of the pe rception of mental health problem in the community 2. Promotion of mental health services 3. De-stigmatization of mental health problems 1. Analyse and understand the concept of violence in the context (cultural versus contextual violence, definition of violence, cultural profile of victims, etc). . Promotion of the services 3. Working with key actors in the community 1. Understanding of the concept of vaccination, fears & taboos about vaccines. 2. Promotion of importance of the EPI 3. Promotion of day of the vaccination campaign, site of vaccination, type of vaccines, etc Health thematic Women health Reference documents 1. DVD Health Promotion communication materials – Women Health – OCB 2007 Nutrition 1. Anthropological report from Niger- Lieselotte 2008 2. DVD Health Promotion communication materials – OCB 2007 Mental Health Violence 1.Mental Health Policy OCB 2008 Link with Brazil Medical Unit Vaccination Niger 2008 Tanganika 2008 12 5. 2 Minimum package of Health Promotion activities There are minimum Health Promotion activities to be integrated in all projects: – Analysing of the disease/illness perception and knowledge of the target population – Promotion of MSF health services (usually at the beginning of the project or when new health activities is being developed) – Health education/patient education/treatment literacy in order to ensure that patients understand the symptoms, how to prevent & how to treat his disease . 3 Health Promotion within Operational Field of intervention Field of intervention I: Assistance to population in violent setting Particularities for this operational field of intervention are: The Health Promotion activities are done primary to get closer to the community, to get information on the context, the population but also on their security, on the living condition and on the access to health care. Health Promotion activities in this field are oriented towards collection of information, investigation and promotion of our services.Several experiences11 have shown good results in developing a home visitor’s network; they seem key persons to get closer to your community and gain trust. Usual HP activities done at the community level with home visitors or community health worker are collection of data (mortality, birth, morbidity, on specific thematic such violence or sexual violence) at household level, defaulter tracing activities (nutritional or others program), promotion of MSF services and health information on a specific disease (ex. malaria explanation because malaria season).In some context, there is a need to extend these communities activities further and push for a move of the civil society in the non acceptance of the problem (Similela and Seruka- sexual violence projects). HP activities in the medical infrastructure = health education on different health topic done by the medical staff or health educators Field of intervention II: Extreme health ga p Particularities for this operational field of intervention are: Health Promotion activities and anthropological components should be more often considered.In post conflict, under served general pop & exclusion there is space and time to gather key information about the population and their health seeking behaviour and it would help to develop the medical strategy of the project. Key activities to consider: -Analyse of the risky behaviour & needs of population in term of health & analyse of Health Seeking Behaviour -Look for the correlation needs of pop & offering of medical services -Promotion of MSF services -Health education in medical infrastructures -Consider the possibility to develop some HP activities in the communities to increase patient/individual’s empowerment 1 In refugee camps, we often develop network of home visitors. Since 07 In Darfur, we launched several network of HV in city the capitalisation of the network in Kebkabya will be done in 2009. 13 Field of i ntervention III: Epidemics and endemics See table with health thematic p. 11 & 12 Particularities: Health Promotion activities should be integrated in every disease Field of intervention IV: Assistance for victims of natural catastrophes Particularities are: the Health Promotion activities are usually integrated into Watsan activities (Hygiene promotion) or linked with mental health activities.The concept of home visit is very important to reinforce link with population. 14 6. Some definitions Health education12 comprises consciously constructed opportunities for learning involving some form of communication designed to improve health literacy, including improving knowledge, and developing life skills which are conducive to individual and community health. Reference: modified definition- WHO Health education is not only concerned with the communication of information, but also with fostering the motivation, skills and confidence (self-efficacy) necessary to take action to improve he alth.Health education includes the communication of information concerning the underlying social, economic and environmental conditions impacting on health, as well as individual risk factors and risk behaviours, and use of the health care system. Thus, health education may involve the communication of information, and development of skills which demonstrates the political feasibility and organizational possibilities of various forms of action to address social, economic and environmental determinants of health.Patient education13 â€Å"The patient education is a process, integrated in the process of care, including a series of activities organized awareness, information, learning and psychological and social assistance on the disease, treatment, care, organization and hospital procedures, health behaviours and those associated with the disease, to help the patient (and his family) to understand the disease and treatment, care work, take charge of his state health and foster a retu rn to normal activities†Patient support 14 The component of Patient Support covers all the activities aiming at supporting the patient in front of his disease and his treatment, beyond the purely medical aspects of care. The patient support is a continuum of progressive, personalised or peer-supported activities addressed to the patient, and going on all along the program. Rem: for the moment within MSF, we are using the component of Patient support for HIV and TB.Main objectives for all HIV patients are: – To understand and accept his HIV status or disease 12 13 From Health Promotion glossary DECCACHE A. et LAVENDHOMME E. , Information et Education du Patient : des fondements aux methodes, De Boeck Universite, Bruxelles, 1989, p. 45 14 For more info, refer to the draft â€Å"Patient Support document for HIV/AIDSâ€Å" written by B. Laumont & G. Loots in the OCB. 15 To recognize the consequences of the disease in his everyday life – To adapt his behaviour (way of living) – To be involved in and adhere to his treatment To achieve all these objectives, the patients have to go through 3 complementary processes: 1- Educative process ? Patient Education This is about the patient understanding – the infection and the evolution of the disease – the transmission of the disease – the risky behaviours to avoid – the treatment This includes the following activities: Health Education, Health talks, Treatment Literacy 2- Process of emotional adaptation?Emotional Support This is about the patient – dealing with the loss of his self-image and the loss of the good health – dealing with the stress caused by the evolution of the disease, the perspective of death, the uncertainty of the future and the reduction of capacities – dealing with the relational changes with his close relationships and occupational environment – dealing with the improvements and the changes brought by the treatment This includes the following activities: counselling (individual & group), support groups 3- Process of adaptation to socio-economic consequences?Social Support This is about helping the patient to solve his social problems in order to improve his good adherence to treatment – risks of precariousness: financial resources, incapacity, loss of employment – risks of isolation, stigmatisation by family and community This includes the following activities: social consultation, home visits, networking, etc †¦ The Patient Support can be provided through 4 different types of activities: – Individual sessions: individual counselling (pre-test, post-test, follow-up, adherence, etc), social consultation – Group sessions: Health Talks, Educational talks, ART preparation sessions, Support Group, etc – Group activities: expression and creative activities, party, celebration, excursion, etc – Community and Family level actions: Home visits, Home Based Care , Defaulter prevention, Defaulter tracing, Community activities, etc Empowerment for health15 In health promotion, empowerment is a process through which people gain greater control over decisions and actions affecting their health. A distinction is made between individual and community empowerment. Individual empowerment refers primarily to the individuals’ ability to make decisions and have control over their personal life.Community empowerment involves individuals acting collectively to gain greater influence and control over the determinants of health and the quality of life in their community, and is an important goal in community action for health. 15 From Health Promotion glossary 16 7. – Bibliography  « Anthropologues et ONG: des liaisons fructueuses?  » ; Humanitaire – Hors Serie; Numero 4Automne/hiver 2007 ; editer par Medecins du Monde  « Communicating Health- an action guide to health education and health promotion  » John Hubley- 2004  "Applied Health Research, Anthropology P. Boonmongkon, P. Streefland, M. L. Tan, etc. â€Å" Health Promotion glossary† WHO CDC, Prevention â€Å"Education pour la sante, concepts, enjeux, planifications†, Jacques A. Bury  « Information et education du patient, des fondements aux methodes  », A. Deccache et E. Lavendhomme of Health and

Discursive Practices and Gendered Reflections of Its Use

Introduction The following theoretical framework is divided in five sections. The first one deals with the background to the study where a classification of research studies is done in terms of the way that language and discourse have been researched. The second part reflects the issue of gender in applied linguistics. The third tackles some key conceptualizations of literacy in terms of the research study. The fourth aims to explain how writing is undertaken to fulfill a brief description of the basis that underlies the study. Within it, it is explained the write-to-learn perspective that is the scope of the investigation. Background to the study Bucholtz (2003) asserts that discourse is language in context. Discourse enables establishing the existing relationship between language and gender within a given context. Then, discourse becomes the materialization of such a relationship. That is why discourse analysis has become one of the most outstanding methodologies to unravel gender issues within the EFL classroom. The foci of these studies have been the way the discursive practices are used and what gendered reflections this use shows. Some of these studies stress discourse as an anthropological tradition (Bucholtz, 2003). This point of view highlights how language is used in the cultural practices of the human beings. It also cares for the existing differences between men and women; but most importantly the closed relationship between culture and language use ExplainShow MoreRelatedViolence Is The Single Most Visible Marker Of Manhood, By Michael S. Kimmel1607 Words   |  7 Pageswith women† (37). With these points in mind, we can read men who sexually harass women online as working to assert their power as men. 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